ISSN 2285-6064, ISSN CD-ROM 2285-6072, ISSN-L 2285-6064, Online ISSN 2393-5138
 

Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Zamfir PANTER, Mugur BOBE, Gabriela ROSU, Florentina MATEI

The study targeted the establishment of optimal conditions for biological treatment of leachate from Glina landfill waste. A change in the composition of leachate was analysed in correlation with temperature, precipitation and biodegradable aterial to highlight the work of microorganisms in various environmental conditions. The experimental results have shown that the highest efficiency has been registered over the temperature range of 10 – 25oC, while microbiological activity was not observed in the aeration lagoon at negative air temperature. The higher content in biodegradable waste (obtained by separating plastics, paper, metal and glass) had a positive influence on biological purge expressed by decreasing the nitrates, nitrites, ammonia content and biological oxygen demand between 12% and 28%.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Dragos DRACEA, Augustina TRONAC, Sebastian MUSTATA

Land reclamation works are distributed across the territory, their positions being related to in situ factors. The governmental entity responsible off is the National Administration for Land Reclamation Works in Romania, administrating aprox. 3 million possible irrigated hectares, 3.1 million hectares possible drained, 2.2 million hectares equipped with soil erosion control works. Existing land reclamation systems shows different technical or/and economical deficiency taking in consideration the climatic changes evidenced by the evolution of temperatures, rainfall events distribution and intensity.. The comparison made with European countries goes to technical proposals for improving the stated Romanian situation, managing all together the aspects of land reclamation systems economic recovery, forest protection implementation, biomass exploitation, wastewater use. The main conclusion is that there are needed investments for dedicated land reclamation works in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. Cause to the great value of total costs it is recommended a progressive approach of the schemes, avoiding effects treatment and assessing the works behavior at every step. It is mandatory to carry out efficient, profitable investments, enabling execution and operation costs covering. Multidisciplinary analysis of issues and adopting of new design and operation concepts for protection systems in land reclamation field of interest is the base of any solution.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Cristina BURGHILA, Sorin Mihai CIMPEANU, Alexandru BADEA

Pollution, over exploitations, urban development and climate changes cause huge losses on our natural capital. The human race depends on healthy ecosystems to deliver essential services such as food, water, clean air and recreation. The need of quantifying the levels and values of these ecosystems services and incorporate them into resource management is increasing each and every day. According to EU biodiversity strategy up to 2020 (EC 2011), target 2, by 2020 ecosystems and their services must be maintained and enhanced by restoring at least 15% of degraded ecosystems. In order to measure the progress towards this target, is essential to map ecosystems and their condition. At EU and national level is proposed a general and analytical framework based on the DPSIR framework (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Response) in order to integrate economic values into accounting and reporting system, but also to provide cross references with ecosystem services categories that are being used in assessments. The big challenge that European Commission is facing consists in using the large amount of geospatial data and other information that are available for building a feasible methodology and suitable data sets. The framework to be used is developed by CICES and it was evaluated among 4 pilot studies of MAES working group, same working group that came along with the proposal of indicators for mapping and assessing urban ecosystems and their services applicable to EU and most of its Member States. MAES outcome of the working group showed that when using data that already exist and combine it in a coherent and integrated ecosystem assessment yields a starting database consistency.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Violeta POENARU, Alexandru BADEA, Iulia DANA NEGULA, Cristian MOISE

The continuous crop condition monitoring at a regional scale is critical especially for private investors which should apply land reclamations measures regarding the soil degradation and modern methods of irrigation for optimizing the water use efficiency and crop yield production. Benefiting from the newest European remote sensing technology, in particular the Sentinel 2 imagery, the paper investigates the crop vegetation status during the 2016’s growing season and covers the Cazasu agricultural area, located in the Braila Plain. Red edge bands have been exploited in order to correlate the spectral indices with chlorophyll and the plant water content. Thus, the wheat biophysical variables, as leaf area index (LAI), leaf chlorophyll (CAB), canopy water content (CWC), normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), fraction of vegetation cover (FCOVER) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) have been retrieved by inversion of PROSAIL canopy radiative transfer model. This model, focused on the red edge which stimulates the whole spectro-directional canopy field between red and near infrared, is sensitive to the variations in leaf chlorophyll, leaf area index, soil substrate and atmospheric conditions. A good synergy between vegetation variables was obtained, confirming the Sentinel 2 capabilities to monitor crops and to develop useful products to be offered as services to the farmers.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Ioana Monica SUR, Alexandra CIMPEAN, Valer MICLE, Claudiu TANASELIA

The non-ferrous metallurgical activities led to the pollution of large areas of soil and affected the environment in a negative way. The problems generated by soil contamination with different pollutant substances have been, in the latest period in the center of attention for researchers from all around the world. The objective of this paper is to perform experimental researches in order to establish the physical-chemical properties of the soil from Copsa Mica area. The texture, structure, humidity and pH are the main analysis performed in order to proper establish the optimal soil cleaning technologies. In order to establish the actual pollution degree in the moment of soil sampling, was determined also the concentration of metals in the soil. For this purpose, were taken soil samples from two areas on three depth interval (0–40 cm). Determining the concentration of heavy metals on three depth levels offers the researcher a relevant view of the historical pollution of the area under study. As a result of these researches was established that the soil is polluted with Pb, Zn and Cd. The quantity on metals in the soil is way beyond the alert threshold. As a conclusion these soil need cleaning, which can be made through various methods, one of the being bioleaching, which is a biological cleaning method which implies using microorganisms in order to favor leaching and heavy metals extraction from the polluted soils.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Catalina BORDUN (FLOREA-GABRIAN), Sorin Mihai CIMPEANU

Desertification of agricultural areas has been growing as a key subject in continental land management, as large parts of traditional farming zones degraded over the years, as a consequence of climate changes and antropic vicious actions. Soil degradation up to desertification of large agricultural areas in Braila county plains, results as an interaction between local salinised soil and climate variation, leading to long periods of draoughts. Remote sensing for the determination of the intensity and extension of desertified areas is a solution to better understand the impact of this phenomena in Braila county. The objective of this paper is to determine whether climatic variations continue the present trend, through a comparation based on the Normalized Difference Drought Index – NDDI from MODIS producs processed with spatial analyst of ArcGis, for 2000-2005-2010-2016. The time interval was chosen due to agroclimatheric classifications, considering 2000 is classified as draght year, 20005 a normal climateric year and 2010 a rainy year. A multi-temporal series of MODIS data were gathered, 8 days synthesis, in order to determine NDDI, with empirical formulas based on the spatial images computed values, for the normalised differenced vegetation index – NDVI and normalised difference water index – NDWI. Measuring the NDVI variation based on the clorofile absorbed radiation in the red spectral band and closed infrared reflectancy, allowed us to identify the impact on vegetation cover, while computing NDWI from green and closed infrared spectral band, delivered information on the vegetation water content. The resulted values of NDDI, computed for the vegetation period, April to October, confirm 2016 as a rather normal year for agricultural purpose.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Alexandra TRIF, Mihai GIDEA, Alexandru BOASCA, Sorin Mihai CIMPEANU

The monitoring of soil nitrogen supply using drone provided images and image processing. Thus, we intend to facilitate the decision farmers make when they come to the question: "How much nitrogen should be applied to a maize crop that will result in the best output?". In this article we develop this theme, that of finding out the levels of nitrogen using drone supplied images, without the need for a person to physically go inside the crop and make the determination. There will be three zones that will receive different amounts of nitrogen, namely: N0, N100, N150. Then, the processing and analyzing of the results will use latest technologies available: GIS tools, Python scripting, pixel classification, GPS measurements and a professional drone.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Mihaela ORBAN, Sebastian PLUGARU, Tiberiu RUSU, Rahela CARPA

The pollution of the aquatic ecosystem is an issue with great concern all over the world and due to this fact a national and international call of urgency has been made for a better management and better policies of water resources. In assessing the water quality, classical methods are no longer sufficient to express the complexity of the effects that pollutants have over the environment. Therefore, advanced researches have been made to acquire better methods and instruments for a cleaner environment. Utilizing microorganism and their metabolic activity for evaluating the water condition is not totally new but the research over these methods is improved by every study that is made bringing fresh perspectives in this area. In order to evaluate the quality of water and sediment, samples have been taken from three main areas of Castailor Creek (upstream of the city, industrial area and downstream of Bistrita city). Some groups of microorganisms, used as pollution indicators, have been assessed, and also the effect of pollutants on creek micro biota. The physical-chemical parameters of water from different sampling points were also determined. The quantitative enzyme activity has been assessed: actual and potential dehydrogenase activity, catalase and phosphatase activities. Based on the results, the bacterial and enzymatic indicators of water and sediment quality from Castailor Creek were also calculated. The main purpose of this research is to assess microbiological and enzymological indicators of pollution in the water and sediment of Castailor Creek, Bistrita.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Valentin FEODOROV

In solid waste management, composting is defined as a controlled biological process which takes place under aerobic conditions and causes the production of simple and stable compounds in a solid substrate through the degradation of organic matter derived from animal and vegetative residues. Due to the concerns for public health and the environment, in several countries the term "composting" used in organic waste management has evolved over the years referring to the aerobic stabilization of source-separated organic matter. Sewage sludge, being a waste resulted from anthropic activities, is subject to waste regulations which prioritize their management options in order to reduce the negative environmental impacts, the ultimate option being considered the disposal into a landfill. According to the waste management hierarchy, sewage sludge has to be improved whenever possible before final disposal. Waste water treatment, mainly domestic, results in the concentration and disposal of the materials from the treated wastewater. These concentrated residual materials in admixture with water from the sewage sludge. It contains a variety of dissolved or suspension compounds: with agronomic value (compounds with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicates, alumina, organic matter, trace elements - boron, cobalt, selenium, iodine etc), with energy value (organic matter) and potential pollutants (heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, pathogenic organisms etc). Composting sludge from sewage treatment plants represents an intensive activity and in the case of large sewage treatment plants, a large-scale activity requiring specific technologies, equipment and activities. This sludge treatment method from sewage treatment plants is an effective solution in order to significantly reduce the costs associated with disposal and also allows the production of excellent compost that can be sold for use as a natural product to improve the characteristics of soil.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. V
Written by Maria POPA, Ioana GLEVITZKY, Gabriela-Alina DUMITREL, Mirel GLEVITZKY, Dorin POPA

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the peroxide value (PV) of different alimentary oils, as well as to determinate the number of yeasts and molds that develops in this oils. Fungi value is an indicator that ensure the sanitation of samples. Also for refined sun flower oil, the oxidation rate of the samples exposed to daylight or kept in darkness was followed for 60 days. PV exceeds the maximum recommended value of 10 meq/kg after 45 days for sunflower oil exposed to daylight. The samples stored in the dark reached the value of 8.68 mEq/kg at the end of the investigation period. Oxidative rate of used refined sunflower oil subjected to frying temperatures (1700C) was motorized during heat treatment, finding a rapid increase in PV at 18.32 meq/kg after 60 minutes.

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