ISSN 2285-6064, ISSN CD-ROM 2285-6072, ISSN-L 2285-6064, Online ISSN 2393-5138
 

Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Paula COJOCARU, Gabriela BIALI

In the paper we studied the effects of soil pollution with cadmium, chromium and zinc on the germination and roots elongation of rape (Brassica napus), peas (Pisum sativum) and rye (Secale cereale). The soil used in the experiments was an OECD reference soil. The soil was contaminated with solutions of CdCl·H2O, K2Cr2O7 and ZnSO4·7H2O in concentrations from 200 mg/kg to 1200 mg/kg. At the maximum pollutant concentration in the respective soil, 1200 mg/kg, the lowest germination rate was obtained for pea seeds 34% (in the case of chrome soil pollution), for rye seeds 50% and 60%, respectively for seeds of rapeseed (in case of soil pollution with zinc). As far as elongation of the roots is concerned, zinc was the metal that most affected their growth. Thus, the root length decreased in the case of Pisum sativum from 44.08 mm (0 mg/kg) to 0.86 mm (at the concentration of 1200 mg/kg). Chromium was the only metal whose effect on rye seeds was the reverse, namely, to stimulate germination and to lengthen the roots with increasing soil concentration.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Lucian DINCA, Maria DINCA

The present paper intends for the first time to frame common beech from the Southern Carpathians in the smart forest’s category, a new concept similar with Climate-Smart Agriculture. This framing is based on data from forest management plans characteristic to higher than 40-year-old common beech stands as well as by offering a grade for 16 of its characteristics. As such, it was observed that beech smart forests are located in the Southern Carpathians, especially in Fagaras Mountains as well as in Retezat, Valcan, Sureanu and Candrel. These forests have relatively high ages (80-130 years), are located on fields with large slopes and at altitudes between 510 and 1200 meters. The predominant soil is eutric-cambisol, while the site types is normal common beech with mull flora and the production subunit is Regular forest with common assortment. The framing of some forests from Romania’s forest area in the smart forest category is important for their proper management, while knowing their site characteristics can lead to choosing optimum silvicultural solutions for using them at their maximum potential.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Zhulieta ARNAUDOVA, Tatyana BILEVA, Dimka HAYTOVA

The purpose of STACCATO project (SusTaining AgriCultural ChAnge Through ecological engineering and Optimal use of natural resources) is to investigate the interactions between annual crops and surrounding landscapes in the light of ecological engineering as a tool for eco-functional intensification. Geographical Information system (GIS) was used in this study to map habitat types of indicator species according of the project protocol around semi-natural grasslands and oilseed rapes in Bulgaria target field sites. Recording system of habitats and the database is performed as outlined and reclassified the available areas and objects in polygon, linear and point elements. The permanent land use categories or type of vegetation has been recorded by EUNIS habitat classification or redefined in accordance with the proposed method.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Violina ANGELOVA

Comparative research has been conducted to allow us to determine the content of heavy metals and chemical composition of wormwood oils, as well as to identify the possibility of wormwood growth on soils contaminated by heavy metals. The experimental plots were situated at different distances of 0.5 km, and 15 km, respectively, from the source of pollution the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (MFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. On reaching flowering stage the wormwood plants were gathered. The content of heavy metals in leaves and flowering tips of wormwood were determined by ICP. The essential oils of the wormwood were obtained by steam distillation in laboratory conditions which were analysed for heavy metals and chemical composition was determined. Wormwood is a plant which is tolerant to heavy metals and can be grown on contaminated soils. Heavy metals do not affect the development of wormwood and the quality and quantity of oil obtained from it. Thirty-two components were identified in the oils. The main compounds of essential oi were as follows: β-Myrcene (2.24-28.20%), Sabinene (24.54-26.53%), Terpinene-4-ol (2.17-8.28%), beta-Linalool (2.24-6.27%), iso-Longifolol (4.40-5.59%), (E)-β-Caryophyllene (1.97-5.45%), Phytol (4.33-5.27%), γ-Terpinene (0.91-3.92%), Cembrene (1.24-2.72%), p-Cymene (0.11-2.50%), α-Terpinene (0.30-2.06%), Caryophyllene oxide (1.82-2.02%), β-Elemene (1.00-2.21%), α-14-hydroxy-Humulene (1.46-1.78%), α-Pinene (0.58- 1.18%), (E)-9-epi-Caryophyllene (0.94-1.07%), Lavandulol (0.62-1.11%), cis-Sabinene hydrate (0.17-1.04%). The compounds in the essential oil that decreased as a result of heavy metals pollution are β-Myrcene, Sabinene, beta- Linalool, (E)-β-Caryophyllene, Cembrene, β-Elemene, Lavandulol, and cis-Sabinene hydrate, while the Terpinene-4-ol, Phytol, γ-Terpinene, p-Cymene, α-Terpinene, α-Pinene, and (E)-9-epi-Caryophyllene significantly increased. The essential oil of wormwood can be a valuable product for the farmers from polluted regions.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Ira-Adeline SIMIONOV, Victor CRISTEA, Stefan-Mihai PETREA, Alina MOGODAN, Aurelia NICA, Stefan-Adrian STRUNGARU, Antoaneta ENE, Daniela Ancuta SARPE

Danube River is considered one of the most important European rivers and it flows for a total distance of 2,860 km. The river plays an important role in activities such as transport and commercial fishing, which makes it permanently subjected to anthropogenic pressures. Metals are the main pollutants in Danube River and most of the pollution sources in the basin are found in Romania. The aim of the study was to evaluate water quality of Danube River Lower Sector in terms of heavy metals concentration (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn) and to evaluate the environmental risk assessment, by calculating the pollution index for each analysed metal. Water samples were collected from the lower sector of Danube River, at river kilometres 150 and 170. The main conclusion of this research is that Danube River water in the lower sector is classified as a class I in the national quality ranking of surface waters in case of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd concentrations, except for Fe concentration that classified Danube River water as a class V in the ranking.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Maria-Olivia MOLDOVAN, Marcel DIRJA, Iulia Diana ARION, Mihai VOEVOD

The scientific and technological progress recorded in the last years in the field of geodesy, cartography and land surveying allows the use of some modern techniques and methods towards realizing some complex objectives. This evolution of techniques allows for high level accuracy data to be obtained in short period of time, on large surfaces. U.A.V. photogrammetry serves a wide variety of domains. The present study follows an interdisciplinary research, and modern concepts from land improvement field are approached. For the photogrammetric flight a DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone was used. The photos were taken after a manual flight conducted with the DJI GO application. The generated dense point cloud consists of 82191720 points, having both spatial coordinates and an RGB code. The resulting orthophoto map has a ground resolution of 1.37 cm/pixel. Also, within the project, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was obtained which has a resolution of 2.74 cm/pixel, the point density being 1335.85 points/m2. The obtained products can be exported, thus allowing them to be integrated into specialized software for further analysis.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Mikhail RYBLOV, Alexander UKHANOV

The paper is devoted to the problem of improving of energetic efficiency and ecological safety of automotive diesel engines. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the method of fumigation of air charge with different liquid activators (alcohol, biodiesel, gasoline, kerosene) in the diesel engine at the intake stroke. For the practical realization of such method, a concept of technical solution was formulated and a theoretical foundation was performed. An algorithm of device, performing automatic activator injection at different speed and load modes, was developed. The technical means (microprocessor unit, electromagnetic injectors and sensors) for single-point and multi-point injection of liquid activator into the intake manifold were designed, patented and researched. Depending on activator type and dose, fumigation of air charge with invented devices promotes to reduce exhaust smoke opacity by 10-50 percent and brake specific fuel consumption by 3-14 percent. Simultaneously, the brake power increases by 3-12 percent. These completed studies confirm the efficiency and practical applicability of fumigation of air charge on diesel-powered automotive machinery.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Gabriel POPESCU, Octavian Laurentiu BALOTA, Daniela IORDAN, Daniel ILIE

The paper aimed to present the in situ geometric calibration of a hybrid system composed by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) which is equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), aerial optical camera and a LiDAR. For a realistic representation of a geographic area by combining optical and LiDAR data, captured with UAV, we need first of all to calibrate the both sensors (passive and active) optical and LiDAR. In our study, we used a digital camera, and influences of focal length and principal point coordinates were needed to be treated as unknown parameters for adjustment purposes. We used LiDAR data for in situ calibration of digital camera and the test site which was selected in the project area and control points have been obtained from LiDAR point cloud and intensity data. The in-situ calibration of digital camera was based on a large number of tie points and the LiDAR derived control points using a conventional bundle block adjustment with self-calibration. The in situ geometric calibration of our hybrid system, was achieved and verified for validation in a test area, near Bucharest, checking the spatial data sets used (optical and LiDAR) and for final data validation we used the ground truth, given by GNSS measurements in the field.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Matei MOLDOVEANU, Ioan BICA

The paper aims to present the impact of the waterways Dunare - Marea Neagra, respectively Poarta Alba - Midia, Navodari on both the groundwater and the groundwater catchments located in the vicinity of the waterways and currently in operation for water supply of the cities. Arranged waterways dug in the aquifer store rock, without sealing meassuries, can have both quantitative and qualitative impact on the adjacent groundwater. In order to determine the quantitative changes caused by the waterways on the aquifer layers besides the monitoring of this process, mathematical models can be used adopting different scenarios of water flow, depending on the existing hydrogeological conditions, as well as the possible changes created by the anthropic activities. Groundwater pollution is characterized by low rates of contaminants propagation. In the case of surface water, the impact of a pollutant source on the ecosystem is fast, and once the pollutant source is removed, the ecosystem returns to its original state. In the case of groundwater, due to both the low propagation speeds and the specific remediation mechanisms, the return to the initial state after the removal of the contaminants involves special, long-lasting and costly measures. This study takes into account the geological structure of this area, and the karst-fissure aquifer, as well as the existence of numerous groundwater catchments used to meet the water requirements of the localities in the area.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. IX
Written by Zhulieta ARNAUDOVA, Georgi KOMITOV

In operating a machine-tractor park on a modern farm, the most significant expense is that of fuel. Modern agriculture, as a way of doing business, is unthinkable without the use of modern machinery. In many cases even funny. In the technical specification of power machines, only the specific fuel consumption is specified. This is because the manufacturer of these machines is unable to know the specific operating characteristics of the machines he produces. In practice, there are different options for determining fuel consumption, but for the most part, these options are incorrect, unacceptable or inapplicable. The article deals with the variant of the application of GPS signal from a satellite to determining the speed of the machine and the time for crawling the specific field. In this way, its known formulas determine its slipping. After determining the machine's slipping, the fuel consumption can be determined accurately enough with the introduction of a corrective slipping factor.

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