ISSN 2285-6064, ISSN CD-ROM 2285-6072, ISSN-L 2285-6064, Online ISSN 2393-5138
 

Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Ahmed AL-RUBAYE, Anton CHIRICA, Ioan BOTI

In this study, a numerical model was developed to assess the settlement and the damaging mechanism of an old masonry church Adormirea Maicii Domnului located in Perisoru village, Romania by using finite element software Plaxis 3D. The main aim of this research was to simulate the ground problems and the structural failures observed. The rectangular foundation is placed on yellowish silty clay-loess, which was modelled and analysed in the present paper. Mohr-Coulomb soil model was used for the soil and the linear elastic model was used for the foundation. After computing the settlements, it was resulted the need of improving the soil. The soil was improved with cement, but some nano materials were considered as well, as an alternative. The results showed that the value of the settlements reduced with an increase in the amount (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%) of the Nano-MgO. The results have been compared with the soil treated with 2 % cement.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Eugen POPESCU, Florin NENCIU, Valentin VLADUT

The constant pressure to increase food, fiber, and fuel production in order to meet the increasing global demand and prevent malnutrition has put significant pressure on soil resources. Minimal attention to soil protection and conservation, inadequately aggressive management, as well as climate change have resulted in abandoned, degraded, and the expansion of agricultural marginal areas with major agricultural limitations. Agricultural production on degrading land necessitates increasing amounts of chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides with a negative long-term effect. In recent years, many activities have been proposed to improve soil characteristics starting with the change of cultivation methods, grazing, mulching, composting, soil conservation, green manuring, soil remineralization, however no clear strategies are known to integrate all these measures in a unitary way. which helps farmers to restore degraded soils, while obtaining high yields in organic farming. To reverse these trends, fundamental adjustments in productive systems are required, including the implementation of sustainable natural resource management. Our study proposes a strategy that successfully integrates several soil regeneration techniques, as well as design new planning that allow farmers to benefit from the services offered by agroecosystems.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Ahmed AL-RUBAYE, Anton CHIRICA, Ioan BOTI

This paper reviews and discussed soil stabilization by using the nanomaterials as additives; analysed their effect on soil. With the urban development and the rapid increase in population, including projects to expand cities, the need has become urgent to implement various types of projects such as buildings, dams, highways, and others. The foundation soil on some sites is weak and do not have the necessary and required engineering properties. Because of that, the soil properties should be improved from “bad” soil to a better foundation soil, increasing the shear strength parameters, reducing soil compressibility and reducing soil permeability. Therefore, soil improvement is an essential solution to enhance it characteristics. Nanomaterials can be described as materials with particles of at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. In recent years, nanotechnology has been used for improving the geotechnical properties of soils, and it has given a significant advantage in this field. The objective of this review article is to analyse some of the publications using nanomaterials as additives to the soil.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Iulian NICHERSU, Delia DIMITRIU, Iuliana I. NICHERSU, Dragoș BALAICAN, Edward BRATFANOF, Alexandru NICHERSU, Oliver LIVANOV

3D - Danube Delta Decarbonising is an essential concept that promotes the maintenance of swamps and wetlands of the Danube and the adaptation of their socio-economic system to climate change. The relationship between climate change, atmospheric structure and greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other critical factors for the global environment, such as alteration of the water cycle, changes in biogeochemical cycles, erosion of soils and coastal areas, reduction of sea salinity, loss biodiversity, is a complex of specificities for the Danube Delta, given the duration of processes, diversity, and causality, both endogenous and exogenous system, and requires analysis of different variants and intensities of manifestation as an objective need for the functioning of the hydro-geo- morphological (HGM) and socio-ecological (SSE) of the Danube Delta. Wetlands such as the Danube Delta are a major source of methane (CH4) and contribute between 30 and 40% to total CH4 emissions. CH4 emissions from wetlands depend on temperature, groundwater depth, and the quantity and quality of organic matter. Global warming will affect these three factors of methanogenesis, raising questions about the feedback between natural methane production and climate change. Forecasts show that by the end of this century, natural methane (CH4) emissions from wetlands are expected to increase by up to 80% by the turn of the century if no concrete measures are taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and especially those generated by the anthropogenic factor, a better understanding of the situation is needed for future rebalancing. The scientific community agrees that an economic system based on fossil fuels, intensive agriculture, and the unsustainable exploitation of global natural resources have irreversible effects on the environment. The effects of the current economic system have detrimental effects on the Danube Delta, such as climate change, air and ocean pollution, and ecological decline, causing material and human damage to the local population. Thus, there is a real risk of catastrophic damage to our economies and societies over the next few decades, if the prevailing forms of production and consumption are not radically changed.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Adrian PICA, Florin BOJA, Ciprian FORA, Mihaela MOATAR, Nicusor BOJA

The inventory of the production fund aims to determine its size, structure and growth, starting with the determination of the dendrometric characteristics of each component tree. This inventory is done both for the purpose of regulating the production and protection process and for controlling the production fund and its evolution. The inventory methodology is based on the application of the methods of mathematical statistics and especially on the application of selective methods, as well as by scientifically based dendrometric estimations. In the case of these inventories, will be determined: the average diameter, the average height, the specific composition, the number of trees per hectare (density), the density index, the current growth by species, classes of diameters and quality classes, the volume of the trees. The trees that have reached the age of exploitability must be inventoried to determine the volume. Stands with a consistency of more than 0.4 and a surface area greater than 4.0 ha will be inventoried by the 12.62 m radius of circle and a 500 m2 area, uniformly located in the entire layout, and those with consistencies of less than 0.4 will be fully compiled by the forest district, as they will enter the first-ever decennial plan. The only condition is the existence of a digital layout map, which can be obtained from the parcel and parcel construction work with the redevelopment works in the Stereographic 70 projection, where the position of each circle can easily be materialized with Qgis software.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Tiberiu Mihai KALMAR, Marcel DÎRJA, Adrian Traian Gh.M. RĂDULESCU, Petru Daniel MĂRAN, Virgil Mihai Gh.M. RĂDULESCU, Corina M. RĂDULESCU, Gheorghe M.T. RĂDULESCU

From 2005 to 2009, in Maramureș, over 1,000 hectares of forest area were cleared, although the entire area is part of the integral protection area of the Maramureş Mountains Natural Park. Although, worldwide, the main cause of deforestation is the development of land for agricultural purposes, in Romania, from the beginning, the main purpose has been to obtain timber. Thus, in Maramureș, and in the year of the 2020 pandemic, more than 104,000 cubic meters of illegally cut wood were reported in a communiqué of the Ministry of Environment, practically 340 hectares of forest being severely affected. The effect of deforestation on land stability can be viewed from at least two points of view: 1. Deforestation causes climate change that in turn causes landslides, 2. Deforestation causes land instability by eliminating stabilizing roots leading directly to landslides. The analysis of these effects, directly on the case studies made in the field is currently carried out by means of Geomatics. The paper analyses the techniques and tools that can be used, the technological flow and the results, using one of the case studies analysed in the GeoSES Project, located in Sighetu Marmației, the most affected by the more or less legal deforestation practices taking place in Romania.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Violina ANGELOVA

Comparative research has been carried out to determine the accumulation of heavy metals, macro, and microelements in the vegetative organs of Odontarrhena chalcidica, collected from serpentine soils from the Eastern and South Rhodopes Mountains (Bulgaria). The content of metals in the plant varies depending on the sampling location and, above all, on the content of their mobile forms in the soil. In Odontarrhena chalcidica plants, the maximum concentrations of Ni were up to 873.1 mg/kg in roots, 924.9 mg/kg in shoots, 8317 mg/kg in leaves, and 6693 mg/kg in flowers. Ca/Mg ratio in plant tissues were up to 6.2 (roots), 7.4 (stems), 10.2 (leaves), and 7.4 (flowers). There is a distinct pattern in the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetative organs of Odontarrhena chalcidica. Most of the Ni, Ca and Mg accumulate in the leaves and flowers, K and P in the flowers. There is no clear trend for Pb, Zn, Cu Fe, Mn, Cr and Co. This study shows that Odontarrhena chalcidica from serpentine soils of Bulgaria appears as a strong Ni hyperaccumulator and can be used for phytoextraction purposes.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Sorin MATEI, Gabi-Mirela MATEI, Elena Maria DRĂGHICI

Expanded perlite, resulted by in heating process of a naturally occurring perlite ore, make it an versatile and law-impact material for greenhouse, soil amendment, hydroponics, and which offers advantages such as aeration, drainage, water retention, resistance, reuse. By bioaugmentation with chemotrophic microorganisms that decompose natural / manufactured rocks, expanded perlite can be biotransformed into an organic-like substrate. In the present study, the microorganisms responsible for the biotransformation of expanded perlite into organic-like substrates were analized for compatibility, interspecific synergy (bacteria, fungi, diazotrophs), the organic content by chromatography, humic-like fractions, siderophores, enzyme complex, seed germination and the growing of plantlets. The results reflected the effect of living organisms synergism in the ascendent evolution of organic compounds accumulation. The secondary exomethabolites are involved in humic-like acids fractions formation and biotransformation of the rock, increasing polyphenoloxidase activity, in conversion towards organic-like substrate and in association with colloids. Also, increse in time the siderophores and IAA content in substrate, intensity of physiological and biochemical processess, the seed germination and the plantlets's biomass.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Nicoleta Olimpia VRÎNCEANU, Dumitru Marian MOTELICĂ, Mihaela COSTEA, Bogdan OPREA, Georgiana PLOPEANU, Vera CARABULEA, Veronica TĂNASE, Mihaela PREDA

Many previous studies have reported high levels of cadmium content in soils and vegetation from area affected by historical contamination in Copșa Mică area. Furthermore, cadmium can be slowly and consistently transferred from contaminated soils into food crops increasing Cd exposure to human beings in the long-term through the food chain. Regarding individual gardens from contaminated area, humans can be exposed via ingestion/inhalation of soil particles and consumption of contaminated vegetables. Therefore, this study attempts to quantify quality and safety of some leafy vegetables grown in individual gardens from contaminated area, Copșa Mică. The cadmium contents in leafy vegetables were positively correlated to total contents of cadmium in soil. Additionally, models were developed to predict the accumulation of Cd in different leafy vegetables (parsley, celery and lettuce) based on cadmium content in soils. The results of this study are important to estimate the Cd accumulation in vegetables from individual gardens, while also improving the safety of foodstuff produced in contaminated areas.

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Published in Scientific Papers. Series E. Land Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering, Vol. XI
Written by Kukhmaz KUHMAZOV, Igor KARASEV, Babken MELOYAN, Navruz NAVRUZOV, Maxim KIRIN

The headers of modern combine harvesters are mainly equipped with passive side dividers. When harvesting lodged and tangled crops (for example, peas), plant mass accumulates on passive side dividers, the harvested strip is poorly separated from the rest of the field, which leads to a decrease in combine productivity and an increase in losses of the grown crop. To eliminate these shortcomings, the design of an active field divider is proposed, the main working body of which is a disk cutter. The article describes the design of the active side divider, provides a laboratory setup and describes the methodology for laboratory research to justify the optimal design and operating parameters of the proposed divider. The studies were carried out using the theory of multifactorial experiment. The optimization criteria are the completeness of separation of tangled stems and the amount of losses of the grown crop. The completeness of the separation of tangled stems is determined visually and by photographing, and the losses are determined by the method of collecting and weighing crumbled grains. As the results of laboratory studies show, the smallest losses are provided with the number of teeth of the disk cutter z=8 pieces, the frequency of rotation of the disk cutter n=125 min-1 and the operating speed of the feed conveyor vр=2.0 m/s. At the same time, the active side divider works stably, the completeness of separation of tangled stems is 100%. the smallest losses are provided with the number of teeth of the disk cutter z=8 pieces, the frequency of rotation of the disk cutter n=125 min-1 and the operating speed of the feed conveyor vр=2.0 m/s. At the same time, the active side divider works stably, the completeness of separation of tangled stems is 100%. the smallest losses are provided with the number of teeth of the disk cutter z=8 pieces, the frequency of rotation of the disk cutter n=125 min-1 and the operating speed of the feed conveyor vр=2.0 m/s. At the same time, the active side divider works stably, the completeness of separation of tangled stems is 100%.

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